Topher McDougal is Associate Professor in Economic Development & Peacebuilding at the Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies at the University of San Diego. He is also Research Affiliate at the Centre on Conflict, Development, & Peacebuilding (CCDP) at the Graduate Institute for International & Development Studies and a Principal of the Small Arms Data Observatory (SADO). His research focuses broadly on the microeconomic causes and consequences of armed violence, including rural-urban trade patterns in conflict-affected societies; detection and quantification of illicit trades, especially in small arms; and costs of conflict.